Bulletin of Emergency And Trauma

Current Issue

By Issue

By Author

By Subject

Author Index

Keyword Index

About Journal

Aims and Scope

Editorial Board

Publication Ethics

Indexing and Abstracting

Related Links

FAQ

Peer Review Process

News

Journal Metrics

Intravenous Fluid Therapy in Traumatic Brain Injury and Decompressive Craniectomy

Document Type : Review Article

Authors

Universidad de Cartagena

Abstract

The patient with head trauma is a challenge for the emergency physician and for the neurosurgeon. Currently traumatic brain injury constitutes a public health problem. Knowledge of the various supportive therapeutic strategies in the pre-hospital and pre-operative stages is essential for optimal care. The immediate rapid infusion of large volumes of crystalloids to restore blood volume and blood pressure is now the standard treatment of patients with combined traumatic brain injury (TBI) and hemorrhagic shock (HS). The fluid in patients with brain trauma and especially in patients with brain injur y is a critical issue. In this context we present a review of the literature about the history, physiology of current fluid preparations, and a discussion regarding the use of fluid therapy in traumatic brain injury and decompressive craniectomy.

Keywords

References
  1. Sharma D, Vavilala MS. Perioperative management of adult traumatic brain injury. Anesthesiol Clin 2012;30(2):333-46.
  2. Langlois JA, Rutland-Brown W, Wald MM. The epidemiology and impact of traumatic brain injury: a brief overview. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2006;21(5):375-8.
  3. Shackford SR, Zhuang J, Schmoker J. Intravenous fluid tonicity: effect on intracranial pressure, cerebral blood flow, and cerebral oxygen delivery in focal brain injury. J Neurosurg 1992;76(1):91-8.
  4. Gennarelli TA, Champion HR, Copes WS, Sacco WJ. Comparison of mortality, morbidity, and severity of 59,713 head injured patients with 114,447 patients with extracranial injuries. J Trauma 1994;37(6):962-8.
  5. McMahon CG, Yates DW, Campbell FM, Hollis S, Woodford M. Unexpected contribution of moderate traumatic brain injury to death after major trauma. J Trauma 1999;47(5):891-5.
  6. Teranishi K, Scultetus A, Haque A, Stern S, Philbin N, Rice J, et al. Traumatic brain injury and severe uncontrolled haemorrhage with short delay pre- hospital resuscitation in a swine model. Injury 2012;43(5):585-93.
  7. Bullock R, Chesnut RM, Clifton G, Ghajar J, Marion DW, Narayan RK, et al. Guidelines for the management of severe head injury. Brain Trauma Foundation. Eur J Emerg Med 1996;3(2):109-27.
  8. Brain Trauma Foundation; American Association of Neurological Surgeons; Congress of Neurological Surgeons; Joint Section on Neurotrauma and Critical Care, AANS/CNS, Bratton SL, Chestnut RM, Ghajar J, McConnell Hammond FF, Harris OA, Hartl R, et al. Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury. II. Hyperosmolar therapy. J Neurotrauma 2007;24 Suppl 1:S14-20.
  9. Dick F, Erdoes G, Opfermann P, Eberle B, Schmidli J, von Allmen RS. Delayed volume resuscitation during initial management of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. J Vasc Surg 2013;57(4):943-50.
  10. Assaad S, Popescu W, Perrino A. Fluid management in thoracic surgery. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2013;26(1):31-9.
  11. Moore E, Bellomo R, Nichol A. The meaning of acute kidney injury and its relevance to intensive care and anaesthesia. Anaesth Intensive Care 2012;40(6):929-48.
  12. Ivashkov Y, Bhananker SM. Perioperative management of pediatric trauma patients. Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci 2012;2(3):143-8.
  13. Searl CP, Perrino A. Fluid management in thoracic surgery. Anesthesiol Clin 2012;30(4):641-55.
  14. Svensen CH, Rodhe PM, Prough DS. Pharmacokinetic aspects of fluid therapy. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2009;23(2):213-24.
  15. Gonzalez Posada MÁ, Quintana Diaz M. Info Colloids. Fluidoterapia en el paciente politraumatico. Barcellona, Fresenius Kabi Espana SA; 2010. p. 3-14. Available from: http://www. fresenius-kabi.es/pdf/info_colloides/ InfoColloids 8-FLUIDOETERAPIA EN EL PACIENTE POLITRAUMÁTICO- Ene10.pdf
  16. Iijima T. Complexity of blood volume control system and its implications in perioperative fluid management. J Anesth 2009;23(4):534-42.
  17. Kerridge RK. Perioperative patient management. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2006;20(1):23-40.
  18. Shoemaker WC, Appel PL, Kram HB, Waxman K, Lee TS. Prospective trial of supranormal values of survivors as therapeutic goals in high-risk surgical patients. Chest 1988;94(6):1176-86.
  19. Bellamy MC. Wet, dry or something else? Br J Anaesth 2006;97(6):755-7.
  20. Li Y. Perioperative goal-directed fluid therapy: grand progress and controversy. Zhonghua Wei Chang Wai Ke Za Zhi 2012;15(6):540-3.
  21. Haas S, Eichhorn V, Hasbach T, Trepte C, Kutup A, Goetz AE, et al. Goal- directed fluid therapy using stroke volume variation does not result in pulmonary fluid overload in thoracic surgery requiring one-lung ventilation. Crit Care Res Pract 2012;2012:687018.
  22. Knighton J, Smith GB. Perioperative fluid therapy. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine 2003;4(10):324-6.
  23. Warrillow SJ, Weinberg L, Parker F, Calzavacca P, Licari E, Aly A, et al. Perioperative fluid prescription, complications and outcomes in major elective open gastrointestinal surgery. Anaesth Intensive Care 2010;38(2):259-65.
  24. De Silva AN, Scibelli T, Itobi E, Austin P, Abu-Hilal M, Wootton SA, et al. Improving peri-operative fluid management in a large teaching hospital: pragmatic studies on the effects of changing practice. Proc Nutr Soc 2010;69(4):499-507.
  25. Walsh SR, Cook EJ, Bentley R, Farooq N, Gardner-Thorpe J, Tang T, et al. Perioperative fluid management: prospective audit. Int J Clin Pract 2008;62(3):492-7.
  26. Arya VK. Basics of fluid and blood transfusion therapy in paediatric surgical patients. Indian J Anaesth 2012;56(5):454-62.
  27. Chowdhury AH, Cox EF, Francis ST, Lobo DN. A randomized, controlled, double-blind crossover study on the effects of 2-L infusions of 0.9% saline and plasma-lyte® 148 on renal blood flow velocity and renal cortical tissue perfusion in healthy volunteers. Ann Surg 2012;256(1):18-24.
  28. Chong PC, Greco EF, Stothart D, Maziak DE, Sundaresan S, Shamji FM, et al. Substantial variation of both opinions and practice regarding perioperative fluid resuscitation. Can J Surg 2009;52(3):207-14.
  29. Baskett TF. William O’Shaughnessy, Thomas Latta and the origins of intravenous saline. Resuscitation 2002;55(3):231-4.
  30. Howard-Jones N. Cholera therapy in the nineteenth century. J Hist Med Allied Sci 1972;27(4):373-95.
  31. Cosnett JE. The origins of intravenous fluid therapy. Lancet 1989;1(8641):768-71.
  32. Kleinman RE, Barness LA, Finberg L. History of pediatric nutrition and fluid therapy. Pediatr Res 2003;54(5):762-72.
  33. Mengoli LR. Excerpts from the history of postoperative fluid therapy. Am J Surg 1971;121(3):311-21.
  34. Foëx BA. How the cholera epidemic of 1831 resulted in a new technique for fluid resuscitation. Emerg Med J 2003;20(4):316-8.
  35. Latta T. Malignant cholera: Documents communicated by the Central Board of Health, London, relative to the treatment of cholera by the copious injection of aqueous and saline fluids into the veins. Lancet 1832;2:274–7.
  36. Neville KA, Sandeman DJ, Rubinstein A, Henry GM, McGlynn M, Walker JL. Prevention of hyponatremia during maintenance intravenous fluid administration: a prospective randomized study of fluid type versus fluid rate. J Pediatr 2010;156(2):313-9. e1-2.
  37. Srinivasa S, Hill AG. Perioperative fluid administration: historical highlights and implications for practice. Ann Surg 2012;256(6):1113-8.
  38. Friedman A. Fluid and electrolyte therapy: a primer. Pediatr Nephrol 2010;25(5):843-6.
  39. Grocott MPW, Mythen MG, Gan TJ. Perioperative fluid management and clinical outcomes in adults. Anesth Analg 2005;100(4):1093-106.
  40. Datta R, Chaturvedi R. Fluid therapy in trauma. Medical Journal Armed Forces India 2010;66(4):312-6.
  41. Prough DS, Olsson J, Svensen C. Chapter 11- Crystalloid Solutions. In: Winslow RM, Robert M. Winslow MDBT-BS, editors. Oxford: Academic Press; 2006. p. 126-138. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ article/pii/B9780127597607500184
  42. Michel CC. Starling: the formulation of his hypothesis of microvascular fluid exchange and its significance after 100 years. Exp Physiol 1997;82(1):1-30.
  43. Weinbaum S, Tarbell JM, Damiano ER. The structure and function of the endothelial glycocalyx layer. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2007;9:121-67.
  44. Adamson RH, Lenz JF, Zhang X, Adamson GN, Weinbaum S, Curry FE. Oncotic pressures opposing filtration across non-fenestrated rat microvessels. J Physiol 2004;557(Pt3):889-907.
  45. Levick JR. Revision of the Starling principle: new views of tissue fluid balance. J Physiol 2004;557(Pt 3):704.
  46. Farrugia A. Albumin usage in clinical medicine: tradition or therapeutic? Transfus Med Rev 2010;24(1):53-63.
  47. Cook SC, Brown J. Perioperative fluid therapy. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine 2009;10(12):573-5.
  48. Gutteridge G. Crystalloids, colloids, blood, blood products and blood substitutes. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine 2004;5(2):42-6.
  49. Gondos T, Marjanek Z, Ulakcsai Z, Szabo Z, Bogar L, Karolyi M, et al. Short-term effectiveness of different volume replacement therapies in postoperative hypovolaemic patients. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2010;27(9):794-800.
  50. Tommasino C, Picozzi V. Volume and electrolyte management. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2007;21(4):497-516.
  51. Elliott MB, Jallo JJ, Barbe MF, Tuma RF. Hypertonic saline attenuates tissue loss and astrocyte hypertrophy in a model of traumatic brain injury. Brain Res 2009;1305:183-91.
  52. Hashiguchi N, Lum L, Romeril E, Chen Y, Yip L, Hoyt DB, et al. Hypertonic saline resuscitation: efficacy may require early treatment in severely injured patients. J Trauma 2007;62(2):299-306.
  53. Powers KA, Woo J, Khadaroo RG, Papia G, Kapus A, Rotstein OD. Hypertonic resuscitation of hemorrhagic shock upregulates the anti-inflammatory response by alveolar macrophages. Surgery 2003;134(2):312-8.
  54. Rizoli SB, Kapus A, Parodo J, Rotstein OD. Hypertonicity prevents lipopolysaccharide-stimulated CD11b/ CD18 expression in human neutrophils in vitro: role for p38 inhibition. J Trauma 1999;46(5):794-8; discussion 798-9.
  55. Angle N, Hoyt DB, Coimbra R, Liu F, Herdon-Remelius C, Loomis W, et al. Hypertonic saline resuscitation diminishes lung injury by suppressing neutrophil activation after hemorrhagic shock. Shock 1998;9(3):164-70.
  56. Homma H, Deitch EA, Feketeova E, Lu Q, Berezina TL, Zaets SB, et al. Small volume resuscitation with hypertonic saline is more effective in ameliorating trauma-hemorrhagic shock-induced lung injury, neutrophil activation and red blood cell dysfunction than pancreatitic protease inhibition. J Trauma 2005;59(2):266-72.
  57. Deitch EA, Shi HP, Feketeova E, Hauser CJ, Xu DZ. Hypertonic saline resuscitation limits neutrophil activation after trauma-hemorrhagic shock. Shock 2003;19(4):328-33.
  58. Deree J, Martins JO, Leedom A, Lamon B, Putnam J, de Campos T, et al. Hypertonic saline and pentoxifylline reduces hemorrhagic shock resuscitation-induced pulmonary inflammation through attenuation of neutrophil degranulation and proinflammatory mediator synthesis. J Trauma 2007;62(1):104-11.
  59. Younes RN, Aun F, Ching CT, Goldenberg DC, Franco MH, Miura FK, et al. Prognostic factors to predict outcome following the administration of hypertonic/hyperoncotic solution in hypovolemic patients. Shock 1997;7(2):79-83.
  60. Maningas PA, Mattox KL, Pepe PE, Jones RL, Feliciano D V, Burch JM. Hypertonic saline-dextran solutions for the prehospital management of traumatic hypotension. Am J Surg 1989;157(5):528-33; discussion 533-4.
  61. Vassar MJ, Perry CA, Gannaway WL, Holcroft JW. 7.5% sodium chloride/ dextran for resuscitation of trauma patients undergoing helicopter transport. Arch Surg 1991;126(9):1065-72.
  62. Younes RN, Aun F, Accioly CQ, Casale LP, Szajnbok I, Birolini D. Hypertonic solutions in the treatment of hypovolemic shock: a prospective, randomized study in patients admitted to the emergency room. Surgery 1992;111(4):380-5.
  63. Jousi M, Reitala J, Lund V, Katila A, Leppäniemi A. The role of pre- hospital blood gas analysis in trauma resuscitation. World J Emerg Surg 2010;5:10.
  64. Bulger EM, May S, Brasel KJ, Schreiber M, Kerby JD, Tisherman SA, et al. Out- of-hospital hypertonic resuscitation following severe traumatic brain injury: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2010;304(13):1455-64.
  65. Bulger EM, May S, Kerby JD, Emerson S, Stiell IG, Schreiber MA, et al. Out- of-hospital hypertonic resuscitation after traumatic hypovolemic shock: a randomized, placebo controlled trial. Ann Surg 2011;253(3):431-41.
  66. Wade CE, Grady JJ, Kramer GC, Younes RN, Gehlsen K, Holcroft JW. Individual patient cohort analysis of the efficacy of hypertonic saline/dextran in patients with traumatic brain injury and hypotension. J Trauma 1997;42(5Suppl):S61-5.
  67. Rockswold GL, Solid CA, Paredes- Andrade E, Rockswold SB, Jancik JT, Quickel RR. Hypertonic saline and its effect on intracranial pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure, and brain tissue oxygen. Neurosurgery 2009;65(6):1035-41; discussion 1041-2.
  68. Witt L, Osthaus WA, Jahn W, Rahe- Meyer N, Hanke A, Schmidt F, et al. Isovolaemic hemodilution with gelatin and hydroxyethylstarch 130/0.42: effects on hemostasis in piglets. Paediatr Anaesth 2012;22(4):379-85.
  69. Mauch J, Madjdpour C, Kutter AP, Spielmann N, Bettschart- Wolfensberger R, Weiss M, et al. Effect of rapid fluid resuscitation using crystalloids or colloids on hemostasis in piglets. Paediatr Anaesth 2013;23(3):258-64.
  70. Schortgen F, Girou E, Deye N, Brochard L; CRYCO Study Group. The risk associated with hyperoncotic colloids in patients with shock. Intensive Care Med 2008;34(12):2157-68.
  71. Ertmer C, Rehberg S, Van Aken H, Westphal M. Relevance of non-albumin colloids in intensive care medicine. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2009;23(2):193-212.
  72. Shenkin HA, Bezier HS, Bouzarth WF. Restricted fluid intake. Rational management of the neurosurgical patient. J Neurosurg 1976;45(4):432-6.
  73. Werner C, Engelhard K. Pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury. Br J Anaesth 2007;99(1):4-9.
  74. Greenhalgh DG, Housinger TA, Kagan RJ, Rieman M, James L, Novak S, et al. Maintenance of serum albumin levels in pediatric burn patients: a prospective, randomized trial. J Trauma 1995;39(1):67-73; discussion 73-4.
  75. Tan PG, Cincotta M, Clavisi O, Bragge P, Wasiak J, Pattuwage L, et al. Review article: Prehospital fluid management in traumatic brain injury. Emerg Med Australas 2011;23(6):665-76.
  76. Rosenfeld J V, Maas AI, Bragge P, Morganti-Kossmann MC, Manley GT, Gruen RL. Early management of severe traumatic brain injury. Lancet 2012;380(9847):1088-98.
  77. Rodling Wahlström M, Olivecrona M, Nyström F, Koskinen LO, Naredi S. Fluid therapy and the use of albumin in the treatment of severe traumatic brain injury. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2009;53(1):18-25.
  78. Geeraedts LM Jr, Kaasjager HA, van Vugt AB, Frölke JP. Exsanguination in trauma: A review of diagnostics and treatment options. Injury 2009;40(1):11-20.
  79. Bauer M, Kortgen A, Hartog C, Riedemann N, Reinhart K. Isotonic and hypertonic crystalloid solutions in the critically ill. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2009;23(2):173-81.
  80. Hariri RJ, Firlick AD, Shepard SR, Cohen DS, Barie PS, Emery JM 3rd, et al. Traumatic brain injury, hemorrhagic shock, and fluid resuscitation: effects on intracranial pressure and brain compliance. J Neurosurg 1993;79(3):421-7.
  81. Modig J. Advantages of dextran 70 over Ringer acetate solution in shock treatment and in prevention of adult respiratory distress syndrome. A randomized study in man after traumatic-haemorrhagic shock. Resuscitation 1983;10(4):219-26.
  82. Feinstein AJ, Patel MB, Sanui M, Cohn SM, Majetschak M, Proctor KG. Resuscitation with pressors after traumatic brain injury. J Am Coll Surg 2005;201(4):536-45.
  83. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Clinical Trials Network, Wiedemann HP, Wheeler AP, Bernard GR, Thompson BT, Hayden D, deBoisblanc B, et al. Comparison of two fluid-management strategies in acute lung injury. N Engl J Med 2006;354(24):2564-75.
  84. Cotton BA, Guy JS, Morris JA Jr, Abumrad NN. The cellular, metabolic, and systemic consequences of aggressive fluid resuscitation strategies. Shock 2006;26(2):115-21.
  85. Contant CF, Valadka AB, Gopinath SP, Hannay HJ, Robertson CS. Adult respiratory distress syndrome: a complication of induced hypertension after severe head injury. J Neurosurg 2001;95(4):560-8.
  86. Bratton SL, Davis RL. Acute lung injury in isolated traumatic brain injury. Neurosurgery 1997;40(4):707-12; discussion 712.
  87. Holland MC, Mackersie RC, Morabito D, Campbell AR, Kivett VA, Patel R, et al. The development of acute lung injury is associated with worse neurologic outcome in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. J Trauma 2003;55(1):106-11.
  88. Lee K, Rincon F. Pulmonary complications in patients with severe brain injury. Crit Care Res Pract 2012;2012:207247.
  89. Finfer S, Bellomo R, Boyce N, French J, Myburgh J, Norton R; SAFE Study Investigators. A comparison of albumin and saline for fluid resuscitation in the intensive care unit. N Engl J Med 2004;350(22):2247-56.
  90. SAFE Study Investigators; Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Clinical Trials Group; Australian Red Cross Blood Service; George Institute for International Health, Myburgh J, Cooper DJ, Finfer S, Bellomo R, Norton R, Bishop N, et al. Saline or albumin for fluid resuscitation in patients with traumatic brain injury. N Engl J Med 2007;357(9):874-84.
  91. Sekhon MS, Dhingra VK, Sekhon IS, Henderson WR, McLean N, Griesdale DE. The safety of synthetic colloid in critically ill patients with severe traumatic brain injuries. J Crit Care 2011;26(4):357-62.
  92. Bentsen G, Breivik H, Lundar T, Stubhaug A. Predictable reduction of intracranial hypertension with hypertonic saline hydroxyethyl starch: a prospective clinical trial in critically ill patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2004;48(9):1089-95.
  93. Schwarz S, Schwab S, Bertram M, Aschoff A, Hacke W. Effects of hypertonic saline hydroxyethyl starch solution and mannitol in patients with increased intracranial pressure after stroke. Stroke 1998;29(8):1550-5.
  94. Mythen MG, Swart M, Acheson N, Crawford R, Jones K, Kuper M, et al. Perioperative fluid management: Consensus statement from the enhanced recovery partnership. Perioperative Medicine 2012;1(1):1-4.
  95. Shoemaker WC, Appel PL, Kram HB. Role of oxygen debt in the development of organ failure sepsis, and death in high-risk surgical patients. Chest 1992;102(1):208-15.
Bulletin of Emergency And Trauma
Volume 2, Issue 1 - Serial Number 1
6
January 2014
Pages 3-14
Files
Share
How to cite
Statistics