Three-Stage Treatment of Transcalcaneal Talonavicular Fracture Dislocation; A Case Report and Literature Review

Transcalcaneal talonavicular fracture dislocation is an extremely rare debilitating injury with high complication rates. The present case report demonstrates highly comminuted joint-depressed fracture of left calcaneus treated with primary subtalar arthrodesis following reduction and fixation of the calcaneus. The right ankle sustained a highly comminuted fracture of calcaneal body with completely-destroyed posterior facet, fracture dislocation of the calcaneocuboid joint, dorsally dislocated talonavicular joint, fracture of anterior of tibial plafond, and subluxation of the tibiotalar joint. At first, talonavicular joint was reduced and fixed using a plate followed by reduction of calcaneus and arthrodesis of subtalar and calcaneocuboid joints. The plate of talonavicular joint was removed after 70 days. Logical approach to this injury can lead to an acceptable function.


Introduction
F racture of the calcaneus is seen in about 0.4% to 2.0 % of all fractures presented to the emergency departments. Displaced intraarticular calcaneal fracture is the most common form [1,2]. One of the most severe types of hindfoot injury is transcalcaneal talonavicular fracture dislocation. This extremely rare entity is a combination of highly comminuted calcaneal fracture in addition to the dorsal dislocation or subluxation of the talonavicular joint. Instability of the calcaneocuboid joint with comminuted intraarticular fracture is usual. Talus may be fractured or not. Transcalcaneal talonavicular fracture dislocation usually is the result of a highenergy mechanism of injury with associated fractures in the lower limb and the spine [3]. To the best of our knowledge based on the literature review, about 20 cases have been reported with debilitating outcomes such as amputation in some of them [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. In the present case, we describe a case of rightsided closed transcalcaneal talonavicular fracture dislocation treated successfully in three stages.

Case Report
A healthy 27-year-old car-driver man was consulted for bilateral painful ankle fractures, five days after a motor vehicle collision in a highway. He had undergone spinal surgery because of burst fracture of the fifth lumbar vertebra with incomplete spinal cord injury. Severe swelling, bullae, ecchymosis, and deformities without any laceration indicative of open fracture were obvious around both feet and ankles extended proximally especially in the right side. The neurovascular status of both feet was intact. Left ankle plain radiograph and computed tomography (CT) scan revealed comminuted joint-depressed fracture of the calcaneus classified as Sanders type IV ( Figure 1). Right ankle x-ray ( Figure 2) and CT scan ( Figure 3) showed highly-comminuted fracture of the calcaneal body with completely-destroyed posterior facet, fracture dislocation of the calcaneocuboid joint, dorsally dislocated talonavicular joint, fracture of anterior lip of tibial plafond, and subluxation of the tibiotalar joint.
In the first stage, 10 days following the trauma, after inflation of the tourniquet, through dorsal approach to the right ankle and talonavicular joints, the joints were opened. Soft tissues and multiple osteocartilaginous fragments from anterior part of the tibial plafond were removed. The talonavicular joint was reduced and fixed using two percutaneous k-wires and a T-plate. Moreover, calcaneal fracture was manipulated closely to achieve better alignment and fixed using a percutaneous k-wire ( Figure 4). Short leg non-weight bearing slab was applied. In that stage after changing the position of the patient to the lateral decubitus, left calcaneal fracture was reduced and fixed using a calcaneal plate followed by primary subtalar arthrodesis via extensile lateral approach. Bone allograft was used to fill the defective parts of the calcaneus. Short leg non-weight bearing cast was enrolled and changed to slab after 6 weeks.
In the second stage, 10 days later, when swelling and bullae had subsided, after removal of all k-wires,  open reduction and internal fixation of calcaneus via extensile lateral approach was done. The massive bone defect in the calcaneus and some parts of the calcaneocuboid joint was replaced by a big structural autograft bone harvested from the iliac crest followed by subtalar and calcaneocuboid arthrodesis ( Figure  5). Postoperatively, a non-weight bearing short leg cast was applied for 6 weeks. This was converted to a short leg non-weight bearing slab in order to start range of motion exercises.
In the third stage, 70 days after the first operation, T-plate which had been inserted on dorsal of talonavicular joint was removed beside resecting multiple big bone fragments in the plantar of calcaneus. After 2 weeks in a short leg non-weight bearing slab, partial weight bearing was started and advanced to full.
At the final follow-up, 14 months following the trauma, he can walk without any aid but with obvious gait abnormality mainly because of weakness of the first sacral nerve root after L5 burst fracture. On examination, passive range of motion of the right ankle joint was 15 degrees' plantarflexion to 10 degrees' dorsiflexion and the left side had the arch from 40 degrees' plantarflexion to 15 degrees' dorsiflexion. Visual analogue score was 4 for the right side and 8 for the left one. American orthopaedic foot and ankle society ankle-hindfoot scale for the right side was 60 (pain: 20, Function: 30, alignment: 10) and for the left one, it was 74 (pain: 30, Function: 34, alignment: 10). It should be mentioned that bilateral involvement may have some false effects on the function section of American orthopaedic foot and ankle society ankle-hindfoot scale. Complete bony union without broken device or obvious arthritic changes in the adjacent joints were seen (Figures 6  and 7). It should be mentioned that informed consent for publication of this case report has been obtained from the patient.

Discussion
Transcalcaneal talonavicular fracture dislocation is a potentially limb-threatening injury with very poor prognosis. The hallmark of these injuries, as described by Ricci et al., [3], is plantar dislocation of talar head from the talonavicular joint with crushing of the anterior part of the calcaneus and destruction of the calcaneocuboid joint. Fracture of the talar head, the navicular, the tibial plafond, and the tibiotalar subluxation or dislocation could be seen [3,6,9]. Associated laceration of important structures such as neurovascular bundles and tendons is common (3 out of 9 limbs described by Ricci et al., [3].
In confronting to these severe injuries, preservation of the limb should be the first goal. Below-knee or Syme amputation might be expected in 33% to 60% of cases (3 out of 5 reported by Coltart [4] and 3 out of 9 by Ricci et al., [3]. Based on Ricci et al., [3], two out of three amputations were done in the closed wound injuries. It could be concluded that rational management of severe closed soft tissue injuries in transcalcaneal talonavicular fracture dislocation is a necessity. The treatment of the present case was planned in a 70-day period in three different stages in order to permit the soft tissues to resolve their extensive damages.
Based on the high severity of this injury, open transcalcaneal talonavicular fracture dislocation is often seen. The most reported cases had medial [3,8] or plantar lacerations [10]. Although closed transcalcaneal talonavicular fracture dislocation following high-energy trauma was reported by Ricci et al., [3] similar to our presented case, they could be seen in low-energy mechanism such as a closed transcalcaneal fracture with talonavicular subluxation in an 86-year-old passenger female following a car to wall impact collision [7] and a 71-year-old female following a fall from a step [9]. Among all reported cases in the literature, a case reported by Ricci et al., [3] was similar to ours. They described a patient of bilateral closed transcalcaneal talonavicular fracture dislocation with lumbar spine fracture. The final result was below knee amputation of the right side after four operations and surgical wound infection of the left one after 3 surgeries. At first, they used external fixator to maintain reduction of the talus in the talonavicular joint. Subtalar and calcaneocuboid joint arthrodesis was done after 2 weeks. Our case had closed left-sided Sanders type IV calcaneal fracture and closed right-sided transcalcaneal talonavicular fracture dislocation in association with lumbar vertebra fracture. It was decided to use a plate in addition to k-wires in order to keep it for a long time without increasing the risk of infection, one of the common reported complications [3].
Closed transcalcaneal talonavicular fracture dislocation should be approached cautiously with multiple stages of surgery in order to reduce the chance of amputation or osteomyelitis. Using a temporary dorsal plate for maintaining the reduction of the talonavicular joint for 2 to 3 months is recommended.
Conflicts of Interest: None declared.