ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Instructional Programs Influencing the Enhancement of the Knowledge Required by Volunteers in Disasters: A Systematic Review
Objective: To determine the instructional programs required by volunteers based on the studies carried out worldwide. Methods: A systematic search was carried out by PubMed, Cochran Library, Scopus, EMBASE, Science Direct, Web of Science and ProQuest databases between January 1970 and the end of June 2019. The articles were selected based on the keywords chosen by the author. In the end, the volunteer’s instructional titles were extracted from the articles in disasters. Results: Eleven articles were chosen for final analysis after studying the titles, abstracts, and complete articles texts which 45 instructional titles were extracted. The most frequent scales in terms of repetition were ethics, kinds of exercises, personal protection instruments, general hygiene, awareness of certain disasters, accident command system, disaster triage and emergency planning. Conclusion: Governments should offer programs that can best serve the improvement of their performance by considering the daily increasing growth in the number of volunteers and in natural and manmade disasters. Universities and schools play determinant roles in this regard. It is hoped that the present study findings can be effective in codify an efficient instructional program for elevating the performance of the volunteers by taking part in disasters response.
https://beat.sums.ac.ir/article_47409_6c600add6721165530f9104bf10ad882.pdf
2021-07-01
105
117
10.30476/beat.2021.89340.1230
Volunteers
Disaster
Planning
Awareness
Knowledge
Milad
Ahmadi Marzaleh
miladahmadimarzaleh@yahoo.com
1
Research Center for Emergency and Disaster Resilience, Red Crescent society of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran; Student Research Committee, Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies, Health Human Resources Research Center, School of Management and Medical Informatics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
AUTHOR
Rita
Rezaee
rezaeerita@yahoo.com
2
Health Human Resource Development Research Center, Department of Health Information Management, Health Human Resources Research Center, School of Management and Medical Informatics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
AUTHOR
Mahmoudreza
Peyravi
peyravi110@gmail.com
3
Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies, Health Human Resources Research Center, School of Management and Medical Informatics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Wang X, Gao L, Shinfuku N, Zhang H, Zhao C, Shen Y. Longitudinal study of earthquake-related PTSD in a randomly selected community sample in north China. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157(8):1260-6.
1
Organization WH. Building Back Better Sustainable Mental Health Care after Emergencies.; 2013. Retrieved March. 2014.
2
Myhre D, Bajaj S, Fehr L, Kapusta M, Woodley K, Nagji A. Precepting at the time of a natural disaster. Clin Teach. 2017;14(2):104-107.
3
Benjamin E, Bassily-Marcus AM, Babu E, Silver L, Martin ML. Principles and practice of disaster relief: lessons from Haiti. Mt Sinai J Med. 2011;78(3):306-18.
4
Australia V. Volunteering Australia Project: The review of the definition of volunteering. Volunteering Australia, Canberra. 2015.
5
Hockenos P. State of the World’s Volunteerism Report: Universal values for global well-being. United Nations Volunteers. 2011.
6
McLennan B, Whittaker J, Handmer J. The changing landscape of disaster volunteering: opportunities, responses and gaps in Australia. Natural Hazards. 2016;84(3):2031-48.
7
McDougall K, editor. Using volunteered information to map the Queensland floods. Proceedings of the 2011 Surveying and Spatial Sciences Conference: Innovation in Action: Working Smarter (SSSC 2011); 2011: Surveying and Spatial Sciences Institute.
8
Haworth B, Bruce E. A review of volunteered geographic information for disaster management. Geography Compass. 2015;9(5):237-50.
9
Cobb C, McCarthy T, Perkins A, Bharadwaj A, Comis J, Do B, et al., editors. Designing for the deluge: understanding & supporting the distributed, collaborative work of crisis volunteers. Proceedings of the 17th ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work & social computing; 2014.
10
Yang C-L, Shieh M-C, Huang C-Y, Tung C-P. A Derivation of Factors Influencing the Successful Integration of Corporate Volunteers into Public Flood Disaster Inquiry and Notification Systems. Sustainability. 2018;10(6):1973.
11
Yang CL, Shieh MC, Huang CY, Tung CP. A Derivation of Factors Influencing the Successful Integration of Corporate Volunteers into Public Flood Disaster Inquiry and Notification Systems. Sustainability. 2018;10(6).
12
Kamal A, Songwathana P, Sia WS. Knowledge and skills of emergency care during disaster for community health volunteers: a literature review. Nurse Media Journal of Nursing. 2012;2(2):371-81.
13
Khoe LC, Chan EY. Developing Evidence-Based Training Program for Volunteers in Disaster and Emergency Preparedness. Advanced Science Letters. 2018;24(9):6502-5.
14
Adams LM. Mental health needs of disaster volunteers: a plea for awareness. Perspect Psychiatr Care. 2007;43(1):52-4.
15
Wahyudin D, Hasegawa S, Dahlan T, editors. Developing ethical decision making skill of novice volunteers in natural disaster response. European Conference on Games Based Learning; 2013: Academic Conferences International Limited.
16
Emery RJ, Sprau DD, Morecook RC, Herbold J. Surge capacity volunteer perspectives on a field training exercise specifically designed to emphasize likely roles during a disaster response. Health Phys. 2009;97(5 Suppl):S155-60.
17
Patel VM, Dahl-Grove D. Disaster Preparedness Medical School Elective: Bridging the Gap Between Volunteer Eagerness and Readiness. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2018;34(7):492-496.
18
Matthews AK, Sprague K, Girling E, Dapice L, Palumbo MV, Berry P. Emergency preparedness volunteer training program. J Public Health Manag Pract. 2005;Suppl:S63-7.
19
Fulmer T, Portelli I, Foltin GL, Zimmerman R, Chachkes E, Goldfrank LR. Organization-based incident management: developing a disaster volunteer role on a university campus. Disaster Manag Response. 2007;5(3):74-81.
20
Haraoka T, Ojima T, Murata C, Hayasaka S. Factors influencing collaborative activities between non-professional disaster volunteers and victims of earthquake disasters. PLoS One. 2012;7(10):e47203.
21
Chandra A, Kim J, Pieters HC, Tang J, McCreary M, Schreiber M, et al. Implementing psychological first-aid training for medical reserve corps volunteers. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2014;8(1):95-100.
22
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Direct Versus Video Laryngoscopy in Emergency Intubation: A Randomized Control Trial Study
Objective: To compare the intubation success rate of the first attempt between Video Laryngoscopy (VDL) and Direct Laryngoscopy (DL) in the emergency department (ED). Methods: This is a study of a randomized control trial includes the patients with acute respiratory failure and the emergency physician who intended to perform intubation in the ED from July 2015 to June 2016. We were selected the patients randomly by the sequentially numbered opaque sealed envelopes technique and were assigned to undergo the first attempt of either VDL (n=78) or DL (n=80). We collected the data information regarding the demographic characteristics, predictors of difficult intubation, rapid sequence intubation, attempt, Cormack–Lehane view, and immediate complications. Results: The success of VDL in the first attempt was 73.1%, which were tended to be better than DL (58.8%) (p=0.060). Glottis view (Cormack–Lehane view 1–2) of VDL was significantly better (88.5%) than of DL (72.5%) (p=0.010). The immediate complications were not different. Conclusions: VDL showed a trend of better success than DL. VDL can increase the first-attempt intubation success and provide a better glottis view in emergency intubation. Trial registration: The trial was registered in the Thai Clinical Trial Registry, identifier TCTR 20200503003. Registered 16 June 2020, ‘Retrospectively registered’, http://www.clinicaltrials.in.th/index.php?tp=regtrials&menu=trialsearch&smenu=fulltext&task=search&task2=view1&id=6186
https://beat.sums.ac.ir/article_47439_e15f43a61474f9f934b6cfd8cd1ba569.pdf
2021-07-01
118
124
10.30476/beat.2021.89922.1240
Laryngoscopy
Emergency department
Intubation
Pitsucha
Sanguanwit
pitsucha.san@mahidol.edu
1
Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
AUTHOR
Chaiyaporn
Yuksen
chaipool0634@hotmail.com
2
Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
LEAD_AUTHOR
Nishapa
Laowattana
minky_vs_janie@hotmail.com
3
Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
AUTHOR
Sakles JC, Rodgers R, Keim SM. Optical and video laryngoscopes for emergency airway management. Intern Emerg Med. 2008;3(2):139-43.
1
Boëlle PY, Garnerin P, Sicard JF, Clergue F, Bonnet F. Voluntary reporting system in anaesthesia: is there a link between undesirable and critical events? Qual Health Care. 2000;9(4):203-9.
2
Rose DK, Cohen MM. The airway: problems and predictions in 18,500 patients. Can J Anaesth. 1994;41(5 Pt 1):372-83.
3
Rai MR, Dering A, Verghese C. The Glidescope system: a clinical assessment of performance. Anaesthesia. 2005;60(1):60-4.
4
Choi HJ, Kang HG, Lim TH, Chung HS, Cho J, Oh YM, et al. Endotracheal intubation using a GlideScope video laryngoscope by emergency physicians: a multicentre analysis of 345 attempts in adult patients. Emerg Med J. 2010;27(5):380-2.
5
Mosier JM, Stolz U, Chiu S, Sakles JC. Difficult airway management in the emergency department: GlideScope videolaryngoscopy compared to direct laryngoscopy. J Emerg Med. 2012;42(6):629-34.
6
Niforopoulou P, Pantazopoulos I, Demestiha T, Koudouna E, Xanthos T. Video-laryngoscopes in the adult airway management: a topical review of the literature. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2010;54(9):1050-61.
7
Pott LM, Murray WB. Review of video laryngoscopy and rigid fiberoptic laryngoscopy. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2008;21(6):750-8.
8
Thong SY, Lim Y. Video and optic laryngoscopy assisted tracheal intubation--the new era. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2009;37(2):219-33.
9
Su YC, Chen CC, Lee YK, Lee JY, Lin KJ. Comparison of video laryngoscopes with direct laryngoscopy for tracheal intubation: a meta-analysis of randomised trials. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2011;28(11):788-95.
10
Healy DW, Maties O, Hovord D, Kheterpal S. A systematic review of the role of videolaryngoscopy in successful orotracheal intubation. BMC Anesthesiol. 2012;12:32.
11
Kim YM, Kim JH, Kang HG, Chung HS, Yim HW, Jeong SH. Tracheal intubation using Macintosh and 2 video laryngoscopes with and without chest compressions. Am J Emerg Med. 2011;29(6):682-6.
12
Platts-Mills TF, Campagne D, Chinnock B, Snowden B, Glickman LT, Hendey GW. A comparison of GlideScope video laryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy intubation in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med. 2009;16(9):866-71.
13
Yuksen C PT, Chinsupaluk W, Trainarongsakul T. Videolaryngoscope versus Macintosh Laryngoscope in Stimulated Patients with Limitation of Neck Movements. Rama Med J. 2014;37(2):71-80.
14
Liu D-X, Ye Y, Zhu Y-H, Li J, He H-Y, Dong L, et al. Intubation of non-difficult airways using video laryngoscope versus direct laryngoscope: a randomized, parallel-group study. BMC Anesthesiology. 2019;19(1):75.
15
Eismann H, Sieg L, Etti N, Friedrich L, Schroter C, Mommsen P, et al. Improved success rates using videolaryngoscopy in unexperienced users: a randomized crossover study in airway manikins. Eur J Med Res. 2017;22(1):27.
16
Jiang J, Ma D, Li B, Yue Y, Xue F. Video laryngoscopy does not improve the intubation outcomes in emergency and critical patients - a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit Care. 2017;21(1):288.
17
Arima T, Nagata O, Miura T, Ikeda K, Mizushima T, Takahashi A, et al. Comparative analysis of airway scope and Macintosh laryngoscope for intubation primarily for cardiac arrest in prehospital setting. Am J Emerg Med. 2014;32(1):40-3.
18
Janz DR, Semler MW, Lentz RJ, Matthews DT, Assad TR, Norman BC, et al. Randomized Trial of Video Laryngoscopy for Endotracheal Intubation of Critically Ill Adults. Crit Care Med. 2016;44(11):1980-7.
19
Natt BS, Malo J, Hypes CD, Sakles JC, Mosier JM. Strategies to improve first attempt success at intubation in critically ill patients. BJA: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2016;117(suppl_1):i60-i8.
20
Murrell GL, Sandberg KM, Murrell SA. GlideScope video laryngoscopes. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2007;136(2):307-8.
21
Manoach S, Paladino L. Manual in-line stabilization for acute airway management of suspected cervical spine injury: historical review and current questions. Ann Emerg Med. 2007;50(3):236-45.
22
Kim HJ, Chung SP, Park IC, Cho J, Lee HS, Park YS. Comparison of the GlideScope video laryngoscope and Macintosh laryngoscope in simulated tracheal intubation scenarios. Emerg Med J. 2008;25(5):279-82.
23
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
COVID-19 Impact on the Doctor-Patient Relationship: Patient Perspectives on Emergency Physician Empathy and Communication
Objective: To investigate in how the current COVID-19 pandemic affects patient’s perceptions of emergency physician empathy and communication. Methods: Patients cared for by Emergency Department physicians with the lowest satisfaction scores were surveyed within one week of discharge via phone. Using questions from the Consultation and Relational Empathy (CARE) survey, patients rated their satisfaction with their Emergency provider’s empathy and communication on a scale of 1 to 5 and provided feedback on how the patient-provider interaction could be improved. Demographic data and patient responses to CARE survey questions were compared between preCOVID-19 and during COVID-19 time. Patient’s open-ended responses were analyzed for themes related to the impact of COVID-19 on the patient-provider relationship. Results: Patient median quantitative scores were 5 (4-5) across all five questions of pre-COVID-19 and 5 (4-5) during COVID-19 for all questions except two (showing care and compassion), median 5(5-5). Female patients rated provider empathy and communication lower than mens. There was no differences across age strata. A shift in provider focuses to COVID-19 only care (N=3), and an understanding of the stress on healthcare processes (N=13) from open-ended responses themes emerged of patients who want to minimize interactions within the emergency department (N=3). Conclusion: The external factor of the current pandemic did not negatively impact patient’s satisfaction scores. Many patients express leniency and gratitude for emergency providers during this challenging time. Their responses seem to mirror current societal views of frontline healthcare workers.
https://beat.sums.ac.ir/article_47493_26fa00a03b105c15a6e652a8d36380cc.pdf
2021-07-01
125
132
10.30476/beat.2021.89058.1216
COVID-19
Empathy
Communication
Doctor-patient Relationship
Sophia
Aguirre
aguirre.sophia@mayo.edu
1
Mayo Clinic, Alix School of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA
AUTHOR
Kristen
Jogerst
jogerst.kristen@mayo.edu
2
Department of General Surgery, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA
AUTHOR
Zachary
Ginsberg
ginsberg.zachary@mayo.edu
3
Mayo Clinic, Alix School of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA
AUTHOR
Sandeep
Voleti
voleti.sandeep@mayo.edu
4
Mayo Clinic, Alix School of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA
AUTHOR
Puneet
Bhullar
bhullar.puneet@mayo.edu
5
Mayo Clinic, Alix School of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA
AUTHOR
Joshua
Spegman
spegman.joshua@mayo.edu
6
Mayo Clinic, Alix School of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA
AUTHOR
Taylor
Viggiano
viggiano.taylor@mayo.edu
7
Mayo Clinic, Alix School of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA
AUTHOR
Jessica
Monas
monas.jessica@mayo.edu
8
Department of Emergency Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA
AUTHOR
Douglas
Rappaport
rappaport.douglas@mayo.edu
9
Department of Emergency Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA
LEAD_AUTHOR
Glickman SW, Boulding W, Manary M, Staelin R, Roe MT, Wolosin RJ, et al. Patient satisfaction and its relationship with clinical quality and inpatient mortality in acute myocardial infarction. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2010;3(2):188-95.
1
Sonis JD, Aaronson EL, Lee RY, Philpotts LL, White BA. Emergency Department Patient Experience: A Systematic Review of the Literature. J Patient Exp. 2018;5(2):101-106.
2
Boudreaux ED, Ary RD, Mandry CV, McCabe B. Determinants of patient satisfaction in a large, municipal ED: the role of demographic variables, visit characteristics, and patient perceptions. Am J Emerg Med. 2000;18(4):394-400.
3
Wang H, Kline JA, Jackson BE, Laureano-Phillips J, Robinson RD, Cowden CD, et al. Association between emergency physician self-reported empathy and patient satisfaction. PLoS One. 2018;13(9):e0204113.
4
Zolnierek KB, Dimatteo MR. Physician communication and patient adherence to treatment: a meta-analysis. Med Care. 2009;47(8):826-34.
5
Welch SJ. Twenty years of patient satisfaction research applied to the emergency department: a qualitative review. Am J Med Qual. 2010;25(1):64-72.
6
Street RL Jr, Gordon H, Haidet P. Physicians’ communication and perceptions of patients: is it how they look, how they talk, or is it just the doctor? Soc Sci Med. 2007;65(3):586-98.
7
Bandura A. Social foundations of thought and action. Englewood Cliffs, NJ. 1986;1986(23-28).
8
Freudenberger DC, Baker EA, Siljander MP, Rohde RS. Factors Driving Patient Perception of Quality Care After Primary Total Hip and Total Knee Arthroplasty. J Am Acad Orthop Surg Glob Res Rev. 2018;2(11):e061.
9
Rubens FD, Rothwell DM, Al Zayadi A, Sundaresan S, Ramsay T, Forster A. Impact of patient characteristics on the Canadian Patient Experiences Survey-Inpatient Care: survey analysis from an academic tertiary care centre. BMJ Open. 2018;8(8):e021575.
10
Petrilli CM, Saint S, Jennings JJ, Caruso A, Kuhn L, Snyder A, et al. Understanding patient preference for physician attire: a cross-sectional observational study of 10 academic medical centres in the USA. BMJ Open. 2018;8(5):e021239.
11
Jha AK, Orav EJ, Zheng J, Epstein AM. Patients’ perception of hospital care in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(18):1921-31.
12
Kahn SA, Iannuzzi JC, Stassen NA, Bankey PE, Gestring M. Measuring satisfaction: factors that drive hospital consumer assessment of healthcare providers and systems survey responses in a trauma and acute care surgery population. Am Surg. 2015;81(5):537-43.
13
Natsui S, Aaronson EL, Joseph TA, Goldsmith AJ, Sonis JD, Raja AS, et al. Calling on the Patient’s Perspective in Emergency Medicine: Analysis of 1 Year of a Patient Callback Program. J Patient Exp. 2019;6(4):318-324.
14
Zhai P, Ding Y, Wu X, Long J, Zhong Y, Li Y. The epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;55(5):105955.
15
Bauchner H, Easley TJ; entire editorial and publishing staff of JAMA and the JAMA Network. Health Care Heroes of the COVID-19 Pandemic. JAMA. 2020;323(20):2021.
16
Ehrlich H, McKenney M, Elkbuli A. Protecting our healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Am J Emerg Med. 2020;38(7):1527-1528.
17
Mercer SW, Maxwell M, Heaney D, Watt GC. The consultation and relational empathy (CARE) measure: development and preliminary validation and reliability of an empathy-based consultation process measure. Fam Pract. 2004;21(6):699-705.
18
Vaillancourt S, Seaton MB, Schull MJ, Cheng AHY, Beaton DE, Laupacis A, et al. Patients’ Perspectives on Outcomes of Care After Discharge From the Emergency Department: A Qualitative Study. Ann Emerg Med. 2017;70(5):648-658.e2.
19
Sun BC, Adams J, Orav EJ, Rucker DW, Brennan TA, Burstin HR. Determinants of patient satisfaction and willingness to return with emergency care. Ann Emerg Med. 2000;35(5):426-34.
20
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Comparison of Anterior, Posterior, and Combined Surgical Approaches on the Outcomes of Patients Suffering from Subaxial Cervical Spine Injuries
Objective: To investigate the radiological and clinical outcomes of different surgical approaches in cervical spinal trauma in northeastern of Iran. Methods: The present study was conducted retrospectively from January 2011 to December 2017 in Mashhad, Iran. The demographic characteristics, hospitalization duration, and patient’s surgery detail data were extracted from the patients’ medical records. The follow-up period was at least six months after surgery. Results: This study was conducted on 72 patients and the majority (n=51; 70.8 %) of them were male. Moreover, the participants; mean age was determined at 40.7±16.5 years. In total, 33 (45.8%), 13(18.1%), and 11 patients (15.3%) were operated using the anterior, posterior, and combined approaches in one round, respectively. It should be mentioned that 15 (20.8%) patients underwent the combined approach in two rounds. Early mortality was observed in 22 (30.6%) patients in the admission period. According to the follow-up X-ray results, the type of approach showed no relationship with non-fusion, malalignment, cage subside, and adjacent disk narrowing(p>0.05). Conclusion: According to the obtained results, there was no significant association between neurological and radiological outcomes among approaches. A high mortality rate was noted in combined surgery at one round, and the posterior approach is the best option when our goal is to correct lordosis.
https://beat.sums.ac.ir/article_47586_ef85002a0decac065b474a3625f425eb.pdf
2021-07-01
133
137
10.30476/beat.2021.90865.1266
Cervical
Outcome
Spine
Trauma
Patients
Hamid
Rezaei
rezaeehm@mums.ac.ir
1
Department of Neurosurgery, Shahid Kamyab Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Ehsan
Keykhosravi
keikhosravie@mums.ac.ir
2
Department of Neurosurgery, Akbar Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Mojtaba
Mashhadinejad
mashhadinejadm951@mums.ac.ir
3
Resident of Neurosurgery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Masoud
Pishjoo
masoud.pishjoo@gmail.com
4
Resident of Neurosurgery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Torretti JA, Sengupta DK. Cervical spine trauma. Indian J Orthop. 2007;41(4):255-67.
1
Lowery DW, Wald MM, Browne BJ, Tigges S, Hoffman JR, Mower WR; NEXUS Group. Epidemiology of cervical spine injury victims. Ann Emerg Med. 2001;38(1):12-6.
2
Aebi M. Surgical treatment of upper, middle and lower cervical injuries and non-unions by anterior procedures. Eur Spine J. 2010;19 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S33-9.
3
Andreshak JL, Dekutoski MB. Management of unilateral facet dislocations: a review of the literature. Orthopedics. 1997;20(10):917-26.
4
Brodke DS, Anderson PA, Newell DW, Grady MS, Chapman JR. Comparison of anterior and posterior approaches in cervical spinal cord injuries. J Spinal Disord Tech. 2003;16(3):229-35.
5
Lins CC, Prado DT, Joaquim AF. Surgical treatment of traumatic cervical facet dislocation: anterior, posterior or combined approaches? Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2016;74(9):745-749.
6
de la Rua Julio R, Claudio CG, Tomás VP. The surgical approach to subaxial cervical spine injuries: an evidence-based algorithm based on the SLIC classification system. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2008;33(19):2124; author reply 2124-5.
7
Ray CD. Threaded fusion cages for lumbar interbody fusions. An economic comparison with 360 degrees fusions. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1997;22(6):681-5.
8
McFarland C, Wang-Price S, Richard S. Clinical measurements of cervical lordosis using flexirule and inclinometer methods in individuals with and without cervical spine dysfunction: A reliability and validity study. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2015;28(2):295-302.
9
Walters BC, Hadley MN, Hurlbert RJ, Aarabi B, Dhall SS, Gelb DE, et al. Guidelines for the management of acute cervical spine and spinal cord injuries: 2013 update. Neurosurgery. 2013;60(CN_suppl_1):82-91.
10
Joaquim AF, Patel AA. Subaxial cervical spine trauma: evaluation and surgical decision-making. Global Spine J. 2014;4(1):63-70.
11
Robinson RA, Smith GW. Anterolateral cervical disc removal and interbody fusion for cervical disc syndrome. Sas Journal. 2010;1(4):34-5.
12
Do Koh Y, Lim TH, Won You J, Eck J, An HS. A biomechanical comparison of modern anterior and posterior plate fixation of the cervical spine. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2001;26(1):15-21.
13
Ianuzzi A, Zambrano I, Tataria J, Ameerally A, Agulnick M, Goodwin JS, et al. Biomechanical evaluation of surgical constructs for stabilization of cervical teardrop fractures. Spine J. 2006;6(5):514-23.
14
Toh E, Nomura T, Watanabe M, Mochida J. Surgical treatment for injuries of the middle and lower cervical spine. Int Orthop. 2006;30(1):54-8.
15
Kwon BK, Fisher CG, Boyd MC, Cobb J, Jebson H, Noonan V, et al. A prospective randomized controlled trial of anterior compared with posterior stabilization for unilateral facet injuries of the cervical spine. J Neurosurg Spine. 2007;7(1):1-12.
16
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
A Comparative Study of the Registry System effect on Patients Satisfaction Rate in Two Emergency Department Settings
Objective: To assess the patient’s satisfaction rate during two distinct registry procedures in the emergency department. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in educational hospitals with a high volume of patient’s admission in Tabriz-Iran and Erzurum-Turkey. In this study, we used a Press Ganey questionnaire as a data collection tool that was filled out with patients or their companions before discharging or referred to other areas (wards). Finally, data were analyzed by using SPSS software version 16. Results: The included patients were from three-admission time courses includes morning, evening, and night shifts. The present study results indicated that the total satisfaction score was two scores higher than the classic one (p <0.001) in the model registry system. Furthermore, the findings of the current study interestingly showed a correlation between satisfaction rate and education level as well as patient’s location. Thus, patients with moderate education levels had a higher satisfaction rate in urban regions when compared with rural regions and higher/lower education levels (p=0.03). Conclusion: Patients’ satisfaction rate with multiple variables can be improved by designing an appropriate registry procedure.
https://beat.sums.ac.ir/article_47436_434197db8f46112a466cdae2bb490ffa.pdf
2021-07-01
138
144
10.30476/beat.2021.84704.1076
Satisfactory rate
Emergency services
Patient admission
Health care quality
Orhan
Delice
orhandelice@gmail.com
1
Emergency Medicine Department, Regional Research and Education Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey
AUTHOR
Samad
Shams Vahdati
sshamsv@yahoo.com
2
Emergency Medicine Research Team, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
AUTHOR
Senol
Arslan
drsenolarslan@gmail.com
3
Emergency Medicine Department, Regional Research and Education Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey
AUTHOR
Alireza
Ala
ala.alireza@gmail.com
4
Emergency Medicine Research Team, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
AUTHOR
Hossein
Hosseinifar
hosseinefard@gmail.com
5
Evidence-Based Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
AUTHOR
Faride
Houshmand
houshmanfar@gmail.com
6
Emergency Medicine Research Team, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
AUTHOR
Solomon
Habtemariam
s.habtemariam@herbalanalysis.co.uk
7
Pharmacognosy Research Laboratories & Herbal Analysis Services UK, University of Greenwich, Chatham-Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
AUTHOR
Aysa
Rezabakhsh
aysapharma.rezabakhsh@gmail.com
8
Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Asaro PV, Lewis LM, Boxerman SB. The impact of input and output factors on emergency department throughput. Acad Emerg Med. 2007;14(3):235-42.
1
Bernstein SL, Aronsky D, Duseja R, Epstein S, Handel D, Hwang U, et al. The effect of emergency department crowding on clinically oriented outcomes. Acad Emerg Med. 2009;16(1):1-10.
2
Gangaram P, Alinier G, Menacho AM. Crisis resource management in emergency medical settings in Qatar. International Paramedic Practice. 2017;7(2):18-23.
3
dos Santos JLG, da Silva Lima MAD, Pestana AL, Garlet ER, Erdmann AL. Challenges for the management of emergency care from the perspective of nurses. Acta Paulista de Enfermagem. 2013;26(2):136-4.
4
He Y, Cai B, Wang M. Research on optimization of registration procedure in emergency department based on system simulation. Procedia Computer Science. 2016;91:37-46.
5
Hakimzada AF, Green RA, Sayan OR, Zhang J, Patel VL. The nature and occurrence of registration errors in the emergency department. Int J Med Inform. 2008;77(3):169-75.
6
Tang PC, Ash JS, Bates DW, Overhage JM, Sands DZ. Personal health records: definitions, benefits, and strategies for overcoming barriers to adoption. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2006;13(2):121-6.
7
Al-Abri R, Al-Balushi A. Patient satisfaction survey as a tool towards quality improvement. Oman Med J. 2014;29(1):3-7.
8
Binsalih SA, Waness AO, Tamim HM, Harakati MS, Al Sayyari AA. Inpatients’ care experience and satisfaction study. Journal of Family and Community Medicine. 2011;18(3):111.
9
Kang H, Nembhard HB, Rafferty C, DeFlitch CJ. Patient flow in the emergency department: a classification and analysis of admission process policies. Ann Emerg Med. 2014;64(4):335-342.e8.
10
Soleimanpour H, Gholipouri C, Salarilak S, Raoufi P, Vahidi RG, Rouhi AJ, et al. Emergency department patient satisfaction survey in Imam Reza Hospital, Tabriz, Iran. Int J Emerg Med. 2011;4:2.
11
Jerant A, Fenton JJ, Kravitz RL, Tancredi DJ, Magnan E, Bertakis KD, et al. Association of Clinician Denial of Patient Requests With Patient Satisfaction. JAMA Intern Med. 2018;178(1):85-91.
12
Batbaatar E, Dorjdagva J, Luvsannyam A, Savino MM, Amenta P. Determinants of patient satisfaction: a systematic review. Perspect Public Health. 2017;137(2):89-101.
13
Berkowitz B. The Patient Experience and Patient Satisfaction: Measurement of a Complex Dynamic. Online J Issues Nurs. 2016;21(1):1.
14
Tsai TC, Orav EJ, Jha AK. Patient satisfaction and quality of surgical care in US hospitals. Ann Surg. 2015;261(1):2-8.
15
Chartier L, Josephson T, Bates K, Kuipers M. Improving emergency department flow through Rapid Medical Evaluation unit. BMJ Qual Improv Rep. 2015;4(1):u206156.w2663.
16
Aragon SJ, Gesell SB. A patient satisfaction theory and its robustness across gender in emergency departments: a multigroup structural equation modeling investigation. Am J Med Qual. 2003;18(6):229-41.
17
Zohrevandi B, Tajik H. A Survey of Patients’ Satisfaction in Emergency Department of Rasht Poursina Hospital. Emerg (Tehran). 2014;2(4):162-5.
18
McKinley RK, Stevenson K, Adams S, Manku-Scott TK. Meeting patient expectations of care: the major determinant of satisfaction with out-of-hours primary medical care? Fam Pract. 2002;19(4):333-8.
19
Soufi G, Belayachi J, Himmich S, Ahid S, Soufi M, Zekraoui A, et al. Patient satisfaction in an acute medicine department in Morocco. BMC Health Serv Res. 2010;10:149.
20
Reihani H, Pishbin E, Abbasi Shaye Z, Ebrahimi M, Bolvardi E, Talebi Delooi M, et al. Patient satisfaction analysis in emergency department in Imam Reza hospital of Mashhad. Journal of Patient Safety & Quality Improvement. 2015;3(1):179-83.
21
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Maternal and Fetal Outcomes of Pregnant Women Infected with Coronavirus Based on Tracking the Results of 90-Days Data in Hazrat -E- Rasoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences
Objective: To evaluate the maternal and fetal outcomes of COVID-19 up to three months after the delivery in pregnant women. Methods: This case series study was conducted on all pregnant women with COVID-19 hospitalized in Hazrat -E- Rasoul Akram Hospital, Tehran, Iran from March 8, 2020 to December 28, 2020. Data were included maternal age and gestational age (GA) which presenting signs and symptoms were collected at hospital admission. To confirm COVID-19 diagnosis, high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) or reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) tests were conducted. Both the mothers and the newborns were followed up to three months after delivery. Results: Fourteen pregnant women with the median age of 31.5 were enrolled. HRCT was done in twelve mothers (85.7%), and eleven mothers (78.6%) were evaluated via RT-PCR; four of them (36.36%) were positive. Two mothers (14.28%) were admitted to ICU. The cesarean section (C/S) was done following fetal distress in only three mothers due to their concerns of vertical transmission. Two mothers were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), and one of them died of pneumomediastinum. Fortunately, no neonatal death was reported three months after the delivery. Conclusion: COVID-19 affects mothers more in the last trimester of the pregnancy. Although no fetal death was reported in the recent study, physicians should closely monitor pregnant women to reduce the adverse event.
https://beat.sums.ac.ir/article_47585_e5dad1ee9983f2ee60c159683d73616c.pdf
2021-07-01
145
150
10.30476/beat.2021.90434.1254
COVID-19
Pregnancy
Maternal death
adverse events
Outcome
Iran
Shahla
Chaichian
shchaichian@gmail.com
1
Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center, Pars Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Abolfazl
Mehdizadehkashi
amehdizadehkashi@yahoo.com
2
Endometriosis Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Shahla
Mirgaloybayat
dr.sh.bayat@gmail.com
3
Endometriosis Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Neda
Hashemi
nedahashemi1363@yahoo.com
4
Endometriosis Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Farahnaz
Farzaneh
f.farzaneh2019@gmail.com
5
Endometriosis Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Roya
Derakhshan
mineroa2@yahoo.com
6
Endometriosis Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Samaneh
Rokhgireh
rokhgireh.s@iums.ac.ir
7
Endometriosis Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Cucinotta D, Vanelli M. WHO Declares COVID-19 a Pandemic. Acta Biomed. 2020;91(1):157-160.
1
Swiss Academy Of Medical Sciences. COVID-19 pandemic: triage for intensive-care treatment under resource scarcity. Swiss Med Wkly. 2020 Mar 24;150:w20229.
2
Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, et al. A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(8):727-733.
3
In: World Health Organization. WHO Health Emergency Dashboard 2021. [Accessed: May 28, 2021]. Available from: https://covid19.who.int/region/emro/country/ir.
4
Favilli A, Mattei Gentili M, Raspa F, Giardina I, Parazzini F, Vitagliano A, et al. Effectiveness and safety of available treatments for COVID-19 during pregnancy: a critical review. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2020:1-14.
5
Chen H, Guo J, Wang C, Luo F, Yu X, Zhang W, et al. Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: a retrospective review of medical records. Lancet. 2020;395(10226):809-815.
6
Esmailzadeh A, Mehdizadehkashi A, Tahermanesh K, Rokhgireh S, Khodakarim N, Ghafourian S, et al. Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation as the First Manifestation of Coronavirus Disease: Report of a Survived Deadly Case. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2020;22(8).
7
Liu D, Li L, Wu X, Zheng D, Wang J, Yang L, et al. Pregnancy and Perinatal Outcomes of Women With Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pneumonia: A Preliminary Analysis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2020;215(1):127-132.
8
Zhu H, Wang L, Fang C, Peng S, Zhang L, Chang G, et al. Clinical analysis of 10 neonates born to mothers with 2019-nCoV pneumonia. Transl Pediatr. 2020;9(1):51-60.
9
Guide to the diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19. 8th ed. Education IMoHaM: Iran; 2020. [in Persian]
10
Simpson S, Kay FU, Abbara S, Bhalla S, Chung JH, Chung M, et al. Radiological Society of North America Expert Consensus Document on Reporting Chest CT Findings Related to COVID-19: Endorsed by the Society of Thoracic Radiology, the American College of Radiology, and RSNA. Radiol Cardiothorac Imaging. 2020;2(2):e200152.
11
In: Rey County Health Network. Iranian national Guideline to the diagnosis and treatment of Covid disease during pregnancy 2020 [Accessed: May 4, 2021]. Available from: https://rey.tums.ac.ir/.
12
Zaigham M, Andersson O. Maternal and perinatal outcomes with COVID-19: A systematic review of 108 pregnancies. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2020;99(7):823-829.
13
Nakamura-Pereira M, Amorim MMR, Pacagnella RC, Takemoto MLS, Penso FCC, Rezende-Filho J, et al. COVID-19 and Maternal Death in Brazil: An Invisible Tragedy. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2020;42(8):445-447.
14
Kucirka LM, Lauer SA, Laeyendecker O, Boon D, Lessler J. Variation in False-Negative Rate of Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based SARS-CoV-2 Tests by Time Since Exposure. Ann Intern Med. 2020;173(4):262-267.
15
Martínez-Perez O, Vouga M, Cruz Melguizo S, Forcen Acebal L, Panchaud A, Muñoz-Chápuli M, et al. Association Between Mode of Delivery Among Pregnant Women With COVID-19 and Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes in Spain. JAMA. 2020;324(3):296-299.
16
Cai J, Tang M, Gao Y, Zhang H, Yang Y, Zhang D, et al. Cesarean Section or Vaginal Delivery to Prevent Possible Vertical Transmission From a Pregnant Mother Confirmed With COVID-19 to a Neonate: A Systematic Review. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021;8:634949.
17
Parsa Y, Shokri N, Jahedbozorgan T, Naeiji Z, Zadehmodares S, Moridi A. Possible Vertical Transmission of COVID-19 to the Newborn; a Case Report. Arch Acad Emerg Med. 2020;9(1):e5.
18
Mirahmadizadeh A, Borazjani R, Ebrahimi M, Hashemizadeh Haghighi L, Kamali K, Hamzavi SS, et al. COVID-19 presented with gastrointestinal manifestations in an 11-days-old neonate: a case report and review of the literature. Archives of Pediatric Infectious Diseases. 2020;8(3).
19
Wang J, Su X, Zhang T, Zheng C. Spontaneous Pneumomediastinum: A Probable Unusual Complication of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pneumonia. Korean J Radiol. 2020;21(5):627-628.
20
Volpi S, Ali JM, Suleman A, Ahmed RN. Pneumomediastinum in COVID-19 patients: a case series of a rare complication. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2020;58(3):646-647.
21
Mohan V, Tauseen RA. Spontaneous pneumomediastinum in COVID-19. BMJ Case Rep. 2020;13(5):e236519.
22
Panahi L, Amiri M, Pouy S. Risks of Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) in Pregnancy; a Narrative Review. Arch Acad Emerg Med. 2020;8(1):e34.
23
Delahoy MJ, Whitaker M, O’Halloran A, Chai SJ, Kirley PD, Alden N, et al. Characteristics and Maternal and Birth Outcomes of Hospitalized Pregnant Women with Laboratory-Confirmed COVID-19 - COVID-NET, 13 States, March 1-August 22, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(38):1347-1354.
24
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Management of Acute Coronary Syndrome Following Blunt Chest Trauma: A Case Report
Blunt chest trauma is a rare cause of acute coronary syndrome and can be masked by other injuries in polytrauma patients. It can have devastating consequences due to damage to the myocardial tissue if left unrecognized. Myocardial injury can result in life-threatening arrhythmias and complications such as systolic and diastolic dysfunction. This can significantly affect patients’ quality of life. A 34-year-old man involved in a paragliding incident in Kazakhstan. His equipment failed at 30 meters height and result him to be propelled at high velocity to the ground. He sustained multiple injuries including spinal fractures, lung contusions and a mediastinal haematoma. He was transported to a local hospital and noted to have ST segment elevation on his admission electrocardiogram (ECG). He underwent an angiogram that showed sub-occlusion of his left anterior descending (LAD) artery. This resulted in a time-critical Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI). He was stabilized and repatriated to the UK to manage of remaining injuries.
https://beat.sums.ac.ir/article_47475_f503e4c64daf0901523fa1275e5f7aa1.pdf
2021-07-01
151
154
10.30476/beat.2021.87689.1192
acute myocardial infarction
Trauma
Angiogram
Emergency Medicine
Intensive Care
Ee Lyn
Chan
eelynchan@doctors.org.uk
1
Junior Clinical Fellow in Intensive Care Medicine, St Mary’s Hospital, Imperial College NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
LEAD_AUTHOR
Jawaad
Saleem Malik
jawaadsaleemmalik@doctors.org.uk
2
Anaesthetic Registrar, St Mary’s Hospital, Imperial College NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
AUTHOR
Carlos
Gomez
c.gomez@nhs.net
3
Consultant and Honorary Senior Lecturer in Intensive Care Medicine and Anaesthesia, St Mary’s Hospital, Imperial College NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
AUTHOR
Palmley L, Manion W, Mattingly T. Nonpenetrating traumatic injury of the heart. Circulation. 1958;18(3):371-96.
1
Orliaguet G, Ferjani M, Riou B. The heart in blunt trauma. Anesthesiology. 2001;95(2):544-8.
2
Moomey CB Jr, Fabian TC, Croce MA, Melton SM, Proctor KG. Determinants of myocardial performance after blunt chest trauma. J Trauma. 1998;45(6):988-96.
3
Anto MJ, Cokinos SG, Jonas E. Acute anterior wall myocardial infarction secondary to blunt chest trauma. Angiology. 1984;35(12):802-4.
4
Ledley GS, Yazdanfar S, Friedman O, Kotler MN. Acute thrombotic coronary occlusion secondary to chest trauma treated with intracoronary thrombolysis. Am Heart J. 1992;123(2):518-21.
5
Calvo Orbe L, Garcia Gallego F, Sobrino N, Sotillo J, Lopez-Sendon JL, Oliver J, et al. Acute myocardial infarction after blunt chest trauma in young people: need for prompt intervention. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn. 1991;24(3):182-5.
6
Harada H, Honma Y, Hachiro Y, Mawatari T, Abe T. Traumatic coronary artery dissection. The Annals of thoracic surgery. 2002;74(1):236-7.
7
Korach A, Hunter CT, Lazar HL, Shemin RJ, Shapira OM. OPCAB for acute LAD dissection due to blunt chest trauma. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006;82(1):312-4.
8
Al-Ruzzeh S, Nakamura K, Athanasiou T, Modine T, George S, Yacoub M, et al. Does off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) surgery improve the outcome in high-risk patients?: a comparative study of 1398 high-risk patients. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2003;23(1):50-5.
9
Boi A, Sanna F, Rossi A, Loi B. Acute myocardial infarction secondary to blunt chest trauma in motorcycle accident: A rare combination where percutaneous coronary intervention and intravascular imaging optimization are needed. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2018;92(7):E456-E460.
10
Patil RR, Mane D, Jariwala P. Acute myocardial infarction following blunt chest trauma with intracranial bleed: a rare case report. Indian Heart J. 2013;65(3):311-4.
11
Tsai TN, Yang SP, Tsao TP, Huang KA, Cheng SM. Delayed diagnosis of post-traumatic acute myocardial infarction complicated by congestive heart failure. J Emerg Med. 2005;29(4):429-31.
12
Stenestrand U, Lindbäck J, Wallentin L; RIKS-HIA Registry. Long-term outcome of primary percutaneous coronary intervention vs prehospital and in-hospital thrombolysis for patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction. JAMA. 2006;296(14):1749-56.
13
Neumann FJ, Sousa-Uva M, Ahlsson A, Alfonso F, Banning AP, Benedetto U, et al. 2018 ESC/EACTS Guidelines on myocardial revascularization. The Task Force on myocardial revascularization of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). G Ital Cardiol (Rome). 2019;20(7-8 Suppl 1):1S-61S. [in Italian]
14
Navarese EP, Andreotti F, Schulze V, Kołodziejczak M, Buffon A, Brouwer M, et al. Optimal duration of dual antiplatelet therapy after percutaneous coronary intervention with drug eluting stents: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2015;350:h1618.
15
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
How to Manage Disasters while Considering Responsibility to Protect Theory?
Disasters are an integral part of human life, which have been grown increasingly in recent years. Disasters are divided into human-made and natural categories [1]. In this study, two cases are considered. One is deliberate human-made disasters in such conditions that human crimes or vicious crimes occur in countries, and the government is the criminal factor or is not able to control the crimes. The other case is natural disasters in which people are hurt and suffer from death and diseases, and although the host country is not able to be responsive which it refuses to accept international grants.
https://beat.sums.ac.ir/article_47425_20509f701875b56d8d8589037b56a936.pdf
2021-07-01
155
157
10.30476/beat.2021.88343.1202
Disasters
Responsibility
protect
RtoP
Philanthropic interventions
Sovereignty right
Hassan
Esfandiar
esfandiar.hassan@gmail.com
1
Director General International Communications, Iranian Red Crescent Society, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Mahmoudreza
Peyravi
peyravi110@gmail.com
2
Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies, Health Human Resources Research Center, School of Management and Medical Informatics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
AUTHOR
Milad
Ahmadi Marzaleh
miladahmadimarzaleh@yahoo.com
3
Helal-Iran Institute, Red Crescent Society of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran; Research Center for Health Management in Mass Gathering, Red Crescent society of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran; Student Research Committee, Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies, Health Human Resources Research Center, School of Management and Medical Informatics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran MPH of Health Policy, Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Fars, Iran
AUTHOR
Hojatolah
Najafi
hojatnajafi59@yahoo.com
4
Student Research Committee, Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies, Health Human Resources Research Center, School of Management and Medical Informatics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Hand JP. Disaster Prevention Presentation, From SCJIL Symposium 2003. Santa Clara J Int’l L. 2003;1:147.
1
Pupparo C. The Responsibility to Protect: Emerging Norm or Failed Doctrine? Global Tides. 2015;9(1):9.
2
Saechao TR. Natural disasters and the responsibility to protect: From chaos to clarity. Brooklyn Journal of International Law. 2007;32(2):9.
3
Jellinek EM. The Impact of the Responsibility to Protect on State Behaviour: An Analysis: University of Toronto (Canada); 2012.
4
Niknam Abarbekuh B. The Doctrine of Responsibility to Protect (R2P): Promote Human Rights or Just War Theory. The Journal of Foreign Policy. 2016;30(3):6-29.
5
Jackson TR. Bullets for beans: humanitarian intervention and the responsibility to protect in natural disasters. Naval L Rev. 2010;59:1.
6
In: United Nations. Security Council Fails to Adopt Sanctions Against Zimbabwe Leadership as Two Permanent Members Cast Negative Votes. [Accessed: July 11, 2008]. Available from: https://www.un.org/press/en/2008/sc9396.doc.htm.
7